Indonesia

How Large Is Indonesia's Economy?

Indonesia's GDP of $1.40T makes it a upper-middle-income economy by World Bank classification. GDP per capita of $4,925 is 56% below the regional average of 11,200 (World Bank, 2025). The economy has grown 50% over the past decade, from $912.5B in 2013 to $1.37T in 2023. The most recent annual growth rate of 5.0% is above the global median of 3.1% (World Bank, 2025). The unemployment rate of 3.2% is 23% below the regional average of 4.2 (World Bank, 2025). Inflation of 2.2% is within the 2-3% range considered stable by most central banks. Indonesia's official currency is the Indonesian rupiah (Rp). As a UN member, Indonesia participates in multilateral trade frameworks.

Historical Economic Trajectory

Between 1994 and 2023, Indonesia's GDP expanded by 675% in nominal terms, rising from $176.9B to $1.37T over 29 years. This more-than-doubling of economic output reflects sustained structural growth across the period. Over the same reference period (1994 to 2023), Indonesia's population grew from 196.6M to 281.2M, a change of 43% (84.6M people) across 29 years. Steady population growth has driven demand for housing, education, and public services throughout the period. Taken together, the GDP and population trajectories from 1994 onward illustrate how Indonesia's economic output has evolved relative to its demographic base. Real GDP per capita has broadly improved over the span, as nominal output growth outpaced population growth by approximately 632 percentage points.

What Are Indonesia's Demographics?

With 284.4M people, Indonesia is among the world's 15 most populous countries. At 149 people per km², the country is moderately populated. Population has grown at 0.9% annually over the past decade (World Bank, 2025). Life expectancy stands at 71.1 years, 0.9 years below the global average of 72 years. Infant mortality of 17.0 per 1,000 live births is 6% below the regional average of 18 (World Bank, 2025). The country's official language is Indonesian. Over the past decade, Indonesia's population grew from 196.6M to 281.2M, adding 84.6M people.

Where Is Indonesia Located?

Indonesia covers 1,904,569 km² (735,000 sq miles) and shares land borders with 3 countries. The country sits within the Asia region, South-Eastern Asia subregion, spanning Asia. Jakarta serves as the seat of government and administrative capital of Indonesia. The country spans 3 time zones, ranging from UTC+07:00 to UTC+09:00. Recognized internationally by ISO codes ID and IDN, Indonesia is an independent sovereign state and a full UN member. Its 1 currency (IDR) reflects its participation in multilateral trade and monetary frameworks.

Border Countries

Papua New GuineaTimor-LesteMalaysia